Rhetoric as an Art

Introduction Rhetoric during the pre-Socratic time was seen as the art of discourse aimed at broadening speaker’s and writer’s horizons and developing their good communication skills. During that period, rhetoric provided heuristics for understanding, discovering and developing arguments as a way of winning audiences’ appeal.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetoric as an Art specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example, sophists created five laws to guide the study of rhetoric. These laws include invention, argument, delivery, memory and style. They were designed to persuade the audience and motivate them to listen to the speaker or to read the work of a given philosopher. Rhetoric in Pre-Socratic period Pre-Socratic period was marked with Hellenic rhetoric that shaped the view of philosophers in relation to the connection of the thought and expression. For instance, the communication skills used by Plato and the Socratic movement formed rhetoric as a discipline. The ancient Greeks aimed at including common sense and truth in their conversations. In this case, rhetoric as a discipline concentrated on discovering the limitations of being either subjective or objective during conversations. During pre-Socratic period, the aim of rhetoric was to set a framework for analyzing communications. Here, rhetoric did not produce critical theories. Speakers and writers were useful for creating civic engagements in the society due to their convincing public speaking and writing. Rhetoric emphasized the importance of eloquence and wisdom during conversations. The main personalities associated with rhetoric include Plato, Aristotle, Quintilian, Cicero, Socrates, etc. Particularly, Plato questioned the teaching practice of that time and challenged the knowledge of the teachers. For Plato, rhetoric was not an art. Aristotle, on the other hand, expanded on the ideas of Plato, his teache r, before qualifying rhetoric as an art. Remarkably, Aristotle sought to develop a scientific approach to arguments. Cicero, who was a Roman lawyer, used the arguments developed by both Plato and Socrates before classifying rhetoric as a liberal art. Quintilian is widely known for his emphasis on teaching rhetoric to the youth in schools. However, when the ancient period ended, there were considerable changes in the attitude towards rhetoric and the way of its teaching. St. Augustine is associated with rhetoric of the medieval age. His main contribution to its field was the fusion of classical â€Å"pagan† rhetoric with the aims of the Catholic Church when he worked on the art of preaching.Advertising Looking for essay on rhetoric? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Rhetoric during the Renaissance Among the personalities associated with rhetoric during the age of reformation, it is necessary to note Erasmus. In his book, C opia: Foundations of the Abundant Style, he treated rhetoric as the least comprehensive work of antiquity and added to it a traditional treatment of matter and form. For Erasmus, the subject matter of rhetoric was to discover variety in discourse. For him, rhetoric was concerned with the quality of either a speech or a written work, given the fact that there existed many versions of writing and delivering speeches. Julian Luis Vivas is another well pronounced personality associated with rhetoric during reformation. During that period, rhetoric was characterized by the conversion of teachings from Greek to vernacular. This can be attributed to the strong orientation of rhetoric towards Latin and Greek during pre-Socratic time. This period was also characterized by various reorganizations in the school systems that eventually led to rhetoric loosing its central position. For instance, the five laws of rhetoric as indicated earlier in this paper were dropped. In place of these laws, ne w inventions and dispositions were included under the name of dialectic. During that period, rhetoric was defined by style of delivering messages during conversations and the ability to memorize philosophical thoughts. During that time, religion was the dominant subject of discussion with Christianity playing a leading role. In this case, rhetoric concentrated more on gaining religious truths than ordinary knowledge. To be a Christian was the main focus of rhetoric. The main Christian doctrine was the establishment of a personal relationship with the divine. This relationship was personal and opposed to proportional. Discovering the emotive experiences first, before focusing on logic, was, therefore, the main subject matter of rhetoric. It is worth noting that Christianity was not the only religious belief held by people during this time. Christians used rhetoric to prove that Christianity was the only true religion. A case in point that demonstrates the subject matter of rhetoric d uring reformation is the encounter with the divine. Rhetoric of that time stated that it was normal to have a personal experience with the love of the savior.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetoric as an Art specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main concern of rhetoric was on how this personal encounter could be used to make an individual to be a Christian, especially a non believer. This was particularly so because of the existence of many religious believes in the world. Rhetoric was, therefore, concerned with differentiating Christian experiences from the ones of other religions. During the reformation, rhetoric had the role of establishing a guideline for judging different experiences with the aim of determining whether they were Christian experiences or not. Sophists proposed the use of logic and the Bible as a guideline for judging different experiences. Logic referred to the application of reason in ana lyzing the arguments of people claiming to have a divine experience. For example, if a person claimed to receive a divine command from God to burn the Bible, rhetoric would dismiss such an experience. That is why, during reformation, the art of rhetoric required individuals to apply logical reasoning in differentiating experiences like the one indicated above. Logic stated in such a case that God could not command an individual to burn the Bible, which is His own holy word. The above argument, therefore, contradicts with the nature of God and thus can not be from God. Existentialism as a part of the subject matter of rhetoric was focused on the need to have a personal relationship with God during the reformation. It based its argument on the teachings of Christ, especially on His emphasis on love. This art also emphasized on the necessity to follow a practical Christian lifestyle. Rhetoric in the 20th century This refers to the study of rhetoric during the 20th century. This period is characterized by the establishment of departments of rhetoric and speech in institutions. National and international professional organizations became famous during this time. With increased mediation in the 20th century, the study of rhetoric as an art was restructured to emphasize language and persuasion. The effects of globalization led to increased advertisements and mass media coverage of information all over the world, thus making rhetoric an important part of people’s life. With these changes, the meaning of rhetoric as an art in the 20th century is more associated with the mass media than language as it was the case during the pre-Socratic period.Advertising Looking for essay on rhetoric? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, visual rhetoric is a common vocabulary in the modern world associated with the mass media that analyzes the persuasions done by non-verbal communication. The importance of visual rhetoric is realized in advertisements whereby pictures are designed in an appealing way to attract consumers to buy the product. The personalities associated with rhetoric of the 20th century include Chaim Perelman, Kenneth Burke, I.A. Richards, and Stephen Toulmin among the others. Chaim Perelman brought rhetoric to the centre of argumentative theories. He significantly influenced the concepts of dissociation, quasi-audience and presence. Kenneth Burke, on the other hand, brought the concepts of identification and dramatic pentad into the modern rhetoric. For him, rhetoric referred to the use of language to induce cooperation in being. I.A. Richards considered rhetoric to be a study of misunderstandings and the ways how it can be prevented. He brought the concept of comparison to provide a c ritique to rhetoric. Stephen Toulmin introduced the argumentation theory to the study of rhetoric. Modern rhetoric is characterized by lack of a conventionally recognized method of study. In the modern society, the study of rhetoric is considered to originate from reality. Nowadays, the main object of the study of rhetoric is discourse, thus making it difficult to differentiate rhetorical and discourse analyses. It makes us use such mediation and ethos as concepts to describe the social and epistemological functions of the study. Rhetoric differs significantly from the discourse by extend of analysis, especially when discoursing similar items, such as speech or a poem. In this case, rhetoric does not only look at the argumentative claims advanced by the work, but goes ahead to identify the specific strategies employed by the writer to persuade his targeted audience. Conclusion In conclusion, the above discussion indicates the extent to which rhetoric can be taken as an art with its own subject matter. It does so by considering how this issue was approached in different times in history. From the discussion, it is clear that rhetoric as an art originated from the Greeks and Romans, with Plato and Socrates being the major personalities behind the study of this subject. During that period, the subject matter was discovering, developing and understanding arguments. The aim of rhetoric as an art then was to produce individuals with good communication skills, both written and spoken. During the reformation, the subject matter of rhetoric was to understand the religious theories. The min focus of this subject was to judge arguments by individuals concerning their personal experiences with the divine. Here, rhetoric emphasized the use of logic and the Bible to discern experiences. Finally, this paper looked at rhetoric as an art during the 20th century, a period during which rhetoric shifted its focus to the mass media. Rhetoric of that period is an impotent subject i n the life of people as indicated in the paper. In the 20th century, the main concern for rhetoric is to discover the role played by the work of art in pursuing the targeted auditory. From the above discussion, rhetoric qualifies as a genuine work of art with the subject matter rightly on its own. This essay on Rhetoric as an Art was written and submitted by user Kallie Riggs to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Teen Pregnancy

Every year 445,944 teens aged 13-18 years old become pregnant. Many are not taught the importance of birth control let alone to abstain. Parents rely on the school system to teach their children about birth control and the educators expect it to be taught in the home. Children are not being taught the importance of being abstaining. By the time a child becomes a teenager they are faced with the hard decision of falling in to the trap of peer pressure. Most teenage girls think that if you do not have sex with your boyfriend you will lose them. What they do not realize is that they run the risk of getting pregnant or contracting a sexually transmitted disease. In 2002 more than 80% of the teens having unprotected sex were getting pregnant each year. Most teens have unprotected sex because they unaware that they can go to free clinics and get several different types of birth control at no cost. Most clinics will also perform pregnancy tests as well as pap smears and regular physicals. Most teenagers are embarrassed to ask for birth control pills or condoms. The easiest form of birth control for girls is the pill. Girls must also understand that birth control only protects you as long as you are taking it, if you mss even one day, or do not take it at the same everyday you are still at risk for pregnancy. There are several other forms of birth control especially for girls there are female condoms, spermicidal lubricants, and the diaphragm. All of these can be purchased in the supermarket or given out at the free clinic For boys there is only one type of birth control, the condom is 92-99.7% effective. Condoms cost around twenty-five cents a piece and are given out at every free clinic by the hundreds. When used with the pill they are almost totally 100 % effective. Another form of birth control is the IUD (intrauterine device) this is one of the most effective types of birth control to date. With a success rate of 98% the IUD should be tr... Free Essays on Teen Pregnancy Free Essays on Teen Pregnancy Teen Pregnancy Teen pregnancy has been around for generations; however, not until the twentieth century has teen pregnancy become a major issue. Statistics show that â€Å"11% of girls in the 15-19 age group get pregnant each year, while for out of ten girls become pregnant before they reach twenty.† (Bell) With teen pregnancy on such a rise, there are many issues that can be discussed: the many risks of teen pregnancy, society’s approval of teen pregnancy, the responsibilities of teen parents, and ways to handle or prevent teen pregnancy. Although these are not the only important factors that arise in the subject of teen pregnancy, they are among the most important. There are many risks for teens when they become pregnant. Young girls who get pregnant do not know what they are getting themselves into. Most young girls get pregnant by mistake. Children who are born to teen mothers are at risk because of their mother’s young age and undeveloped body. (Bell) By being born to younger women, infants are more than likely to face great dangers such as being born prematurely, dieing in the neonatal period, or being born with low birth weight. Most pregnant teens deny their pregnancies in their early stages, causing them not to seek the medical assistance they need. (Sylvester) Teenage mothers are less likely to finish their proper schooling. (A.A.P) A teenage mother of one is more than likely to have one more child in two years. If she has a second child, she is less likely to finish high school, get married, and go through welfare for a major part of her life. (Sylvester) Teenage mothers are likely to be single parents, and they do not get the proper prenatal care. Risks that teenage mothers may encounter include, but are not limited to, poor maternal weight gain, anemia, and pregnancy –induced hypertension. These problems are worse with younger teenagers. (A.A.P) Drug and alcohol use, mental illness, suicide, poor educat... Free Essays on Teen Pregnancy Teen pregnancy is a controversial issue because it effects society as a whole. Teenage mothers often raise children who never learn how to live productive lifestyles. Negative elements like drug addiction and crime seem to be the only outlets that are available to lonely, confused children who live in poverty-stricken cities. For many of these children there are only the options of bad jobs, jail or early death. Many of these children end up having their own children at an early age; therefore perpetuating the vicious cycle of poverty, poor education, joblessness, and lack of hope for the future. These mothers are only able to give their children the bare minimum for survival, Medicaid insurance or at least receive a generous amount of financial aid from the government to attend. There are a lot of people who attend colleges all over the country thanks to financial aid and grants. Government aid is good and people who are in need deserve to receive it. After all it is the governments ' duty to ensure its people the right to pursue happiness. Teenage girls that get pregnant in our community become overwhelmed with the pressures of supporting their children financially while trying to instill morals and ethics in their lives. We as a community need to come together with the government and help these mothers out. The problems of a teenage mother and her children eventually become the problem of all of society. Children come first because they are our future. Every child in the country should be afforded an equal opportunity to succeed no matter its family, racial, or financial background. Supporting teen mothers and their families and educating people about the responsibilities and the risks of having sex can do this. . Now that the country is realizing how the problem of teen pregnancy affects not only children, but also society at large, numerous options have become available for people who need help. The more people are educated about ... Free Essays on Teen Pregnancy Teenage Pregnancy Despite the recently declining teen pregnancy rates, 35% of teenage girls get pregnant at least once before they reach age 20, resulting in more than 850,000 teen pregnancies a year. The United States has the highest rate of teen pregnancy in the fully industrialized world. Teen pregnancy is bad for the mother. Teen mothers are less likely to complete school and more likely to be single parents. Less than one-third of teens who begin their families before age 18 ever earn a high school diploma. Only 1.5% earn a college degree by the age of 30. There are serious health risks for adolescents who have babies. Young adolescents experience a maternal death rate 2.5 times greater than that of mothers aged 20-24. Common medical problems among adolescent mothers include poor weight gain, pregnancy-induced hypertension, anemia, and sexually transmitted diseases. Later in life, adolescent mothers tend to be at greater risk for obesity and hypertension than women who were not teenagers when they had their first child. Teen pregnancy is closely linked to poverty and single parenthood. A 1990 study showed that almost  ½ of all teenage mothers and over  ¾ of unmarried teen mothers began receiving welfare within five years of the birth of their first child. The growth in single-parent families remains the single most important reason for increased poverty among children over the last twenty years, as documented in the 1998 Economic Report of the President. Out-of-wedlock childbearing is currently the driving force behind the growth in the number of single parents, and half of first out-of-wedlock births are to teens. Therefore, reducing teen pregnancy and child-bearing is an obvious place to anchor serious efforts to reduce poverty in future generations. Children of teen mothers often receive inadequate parenting. Children born to teen mothers are at higher risk of poor parenting because their mothers and often their fathers... Free Essays on Teen Pregnancy Human Sexuality: Assignment 2 America is a country run by pop culture. We as Consumers react to trends. From the cars we drive to the clothes we wear, we try to model ourselves after the â€Å"haves†. We look to the television, the radio, the movies and the magazines for salvation. We are in search of an escape to our everyday lives. The one message that is prevalent in all forms of media today is sex. We cannot leave our homes without having sex shoved in our faces. Even our monuments are phallic symbols. The idea is that cool people have sex and we as Americans want to be cool. We are a far cry from the times when premarital sex meant eternal damnation. Nowadays, we hand out condoms in high school and sex-ed is taught as early as junior high. Sex sells, and the corporate world is turning us into sex craving maniacs in order to turn over a profit. The biggest difference between the US and other developed countries is the way we handle pregnancy. Just like sex sells, it pays to have a kid. Our pregnant wom en are waited on hand and foot throughout the pregnancy, given all sorts of aid and encouraged to go through with the pregnancy. In other countries such as China and India, the population crisis means that pregnancy is frowned upon. Also, these other developed countries aren’t as advanced in the corporate/media world as the US is. The best way to not be affected by the media is to have no contact with it to begin with. I believe that because we have more access to all stages of sex, sex itself is more prevalent. Sex is initiated easily seeing as though it is always on our minds as Americans. Our media not only entices sex, but it entices sexual behaviors. One example of this is the Oral sex â€Å"epidemic†. However, we are reminded that sex leaves the bed room with you. Whether with a child being created, or a disease being contracted, or just a good experience being remembered. We are also reminded that we have access to emergency ... Free Essays on Teen Pregnancy Teenagers in the United States are experimenting with sexual activities more and more today than ever before. According to Charles Krauthammer, "Sex oozes from every pore of the culture and there's not a kid in the world who can avoid it." (Meier, 1994, p. 7). Teenagers are surrounded by some sort of sexual connotations all the time. Whether it is television, radio, school, or even the Internet, teenagers are hearing the affects of sex on our society. The price that teenagers pay for being sexually active greatly outweighs any advantages. The period of puberty occurs somewhere between the ages of 10 and 14 for most but can vary for different people. Heredity, health problems, and emotional and physical stress can cause these variations. Teens begin to experiment with the opposite sex by hugging, kissing and other forms of sexual expression. People are capable of creating babies as soon as puberty begins. Teens also watch more television and listen to more music developing their own u nique personalities. According to one study, about 65,000 sexual acts or comments on prime-time television occur every year (Meier, 1994, p. 9). In the movies or on television, the actors and actresses make sex look easy, fun and glamorous. It appears to be something everyone is doing. On television shows like "Dawson's Creek", sex is usually the major topic of the entire show. Whether it is guys and girls, guys and guys, girls and girls, or multiple persons of each sex, the sex act itself is a major conflict. Movies, such as "Cruel Intentions", portray sex as a game. The main characters are placing bets on each other that one of them will have sex with some girl who is against the idea of premarital sex. That movie is rated R, but little kids were in there with their parents. Those types of movies are not meant for a young audience. Now those kids might end up having sex when they become teenagers. Those same teenagers might often be the ones that get pregn... Free Essays on Teen Pregnancy The Truth About Teen Pregnancy Although the rate of teenage pregnancy in the United States has declined greatly within the past few years, it is still an enormous problem that needs to be addressed. These rates are still higher in the 1990's than they were only a decade ago. The United State's teenage birthrate exceeds that of most other industrialized nations, even though American teenagers are no more sexually active than teenagers are in Canada or Europe. (Gormly 348) Recent statistics concerning the teen birthrates are alarming. About 560,000 teenage girls give birth each year. Almost one-sixth of all births in the United States are to teenage women are to teenage women. Eight in ten of these births resulted from unintended pregnancies. (Gormly 347) By the age of eighteen, one out of four teenage girls will have become pregnant. (Newman 679) Although the onset of pregnancy may occur in any teenager, some teens are at higher risk for unplanned pregnancy than others. Teenagers who become sexually active at an earlier age are at a greater risk primarily because young teenagers are less likely to use birthcontrol. African-American and Hispanic teenagers are twice as likely to give birth as are white teenagers. Whites are more likely to have abortions. Teenagers who come from poor neighborhoods and attend segregated schools are at a high risk for pregnancy. Also, teenagers who are doing poorly in school and have few plans for the future are more likely to become parents than those who are doing well and have high educationsl and occupational expectations. Although the rate of teenage pregnancy is higher among low- income African-Americans and Hispanics, especially those in inner city ghettoes, the number of births to teenagers is highest among white, nonpoor young women who live in small cities and towns. (Calhoun 309) In addition to the question of which teenagers become pregnant, interest is shown in the social consequences of early pa... Free Essays on Teen Pregnancy An increasing number of teenagers in America have and are becoming sexually active, and as a result, they are having children at a young age when they cannot properly provide for another human being. I believe that the reason teenagers are becoming sexually active at a young age is because today’s youth is maturing at younger age than in the past. They are also receiving a larger amount of freedom. As always, a person has sex, they are at a higher risk of getting pregnant. Teenagers do not have the education or the experience to be financially responsible for themselves or another person. There are a few causes that have been associated with the subject of teen pregnancy. The media is one of these causes. â€Å" In various surveys of teen behavior, investigators find American teens spend more time watching television than attending school, regard television as a primary source of information, and say television follows only parents and peers as an influential force in their lives† (William 1561). The media is also considered an influence in premature sexual activity. Some believe that sex is portrayed too much and too casually on television shows that are directed towards today’s adolescents. Further sexualization is shown through explicit lyrics in songs and explicit scenes in movies (William 1561). Another cause being associated with teen pregnancy is how the child is raised. Having children at a young age is being associated with the raising of children in poverty and not having enough values on education. Another family aspect that is being associated with teen pregnancy is having a mother who had a child as a teenager. Poor communication, violence in the family, and poor discipline are also considered a cause of teen pregnancy. Parents often show a lack of preparedness when it comes to telling their children about normal sexual development and appropriate sexual behavior. By not discussing the subject, or not taking a realis... Free Essays on Teen Pregnancy Teen Pregnancy Teenage pregnancy is a major concern in today's society; there are many ways to prevent teenage pregnancy, many decisions you will have to make, and many challenges you will face. Over recent years, it seems that all the efforts to fight teen pregnancy are beginning to pay off. Thanks to the continued dedication of our parents, teachers and community leaders, the young people today have more support and education concerning the dangers, consequences, and challenges of adolescent sex. We constantly ask the question of why, and what causes teens to disregard what they have been taught about sex and STD’s and still engage in unprotected sex, and ultimately and unfortunately becoming another statistic. The statistics tell that the U.S. has the highest rate of teen pregnancy and births (teenpregnancy.org). Currently at its lowest annual rate in over 20 years, teen pregnancies have declined 14 percent in this decade alone (teenpregnancy.org). But despite this recent downward trend, the issue still stands prominently and remains a critical concern to everyone. While these improving numbers are encouraging on the surface, the number of children having children of their own, remains higher than acceptable and progress must continue to be made. In 2000, more than one million teenage girls got pregnant and of those, 479,067 girls gave birth, that number is down almost 50,000 since 1990 (teenpregnancy.org). One in ten young women will get pregnant at least once before they turn twenty-one (teenpregnancy.org). For many of the 500,000, it was an unintended occurrence, usually the result of young men and women having unprotected sex while relying on misinformation (or none at all), poor planning, and failing to recognize the consequences that would arise from their actions. By the age of nin eteen, eighty percent of teen have had sex a least on time (Teen Sex and Pregnancy). For some, however, it was an intentional decision ... Free Essays on Teen Pregnancy Teen Pregnancy Adolescent pregnancy has long been a societal concern, but in the past decade, this issue has become one of the most frequently cited examples of the perceived societal decay in the United States. About 560,000 teenage girls give birth each year. Eight in ten of these births resulted from unintended pregnancies. (McCuen 16). Sorting out cause and effect would be easy if pregnant teens all lived in the same area with the same disadvantages or if these women chose to become mothers early in life. But such mothers are not randomly dotted across the social landscape. Increased rates of sexual activity, illegitimacy, and welfare receipt raise public concerns. Although the onset of pregnancy may occur in any teenager, some teens are at higher risk for unplanned pregnancy than others. Despite the recent decline in the teen birth rates, teen pregnancy remains a significant problem facing our nation. Social problems, a vast amount of emotional and psychological problems often contribute to teen pregnancy. Promiscuous is defined as careless, casual, or even aimless. Teens are being promiscuous more than ever before. Teenagers are participating in the new world of sexual freedom. Social behavior is no longer restricted to the higher class. Today, teens become sexually active not when they move out of the parental home and into a family of their own, but while they are still considered as children. Young women are just as likely as young men today to be sexually active before marriage. With more and more teens having casual sex, the risks of pregnancy goes up. They do not weigh their options and take into consideration the consequences of their behavior that could possibly change their entire life. They do not realize that it could happen to them. They only see it as something that happens to other people. They feel they are invincible. We should recognize that sexual behavior is a matter of c... Free Essays on Teen Pregnancy Teen Pregnancy Issues Teen pregnancy has declined greatly within the past few years but its still an enormous problem that needs to be addressed. The United States has one of the highest birth rates than any other country. This doesn’t mean that our teens are having more sex than other foreign teens its just means that they aren’t educated enough to know the consequences. In 2000, Pennsylvania alone had 50,610 pregnancies among girls under 20 and that is a low statistic compared to some states such as California or Texas. (U.S Teenage†¦) We as parents and educators need to teach our children what the consequences are so they don’t end up having kids them selves. Below are some statistics of teen pregnancy and abortion. Rates of pregnancy, birth and abortion among U.S. teenagers continued their downward trend in 2000 (Table 1). Nationwide, the teenage pregnancy rate declined by 2% between 1999 and 2000 (from 85.7 to 83.6 pregnancies per 1,000 women aged 15–19). From 1986-2000, the rate dropped by 22% and, more importantly, fell by 28% since peaking in 1990. The birthrate for teenagers also declined by 2% between 1999 and 2000 (from 48.8 to 47.7 births per 1,000 women aged 15–19). The 2000 rate was 5% lower than the 1986 rate and 23% lower than the peak rate of 61.8 births per 1,000 women reached in 1991. (U.S. Teenage†¦) Teenagers’ abortion rate in 2000 was 24.0 per 1,000 women aged 15–19- some 3% lower than the 1999 rate of 24.7 per 1,000. From 1986 to 2000, the abortion rate dropped by 43%; during the same period, the proportion of teenage pregnancies ending in abortion fell from 46% to 33%- a decline of more than one-quarter (27%). Overall in 2000, one-third of pregnancies among 15–19-year-olds ended in abortion (Table 2). However, in New Jersey, 60% of teenage pregnancies ended in abortion, as did at least 50% in New York, Massachusetts and the District of Columbia. By contrast, only 13% of pregnancies amon... Free Essays on Teen Pregnancy Every year 445,944 teens aged 13-18 years old become pregnant. Many are not taught the importance of birth control let alone to abstain. Parents rely on the school system to teach their children about birth control and the educators expect it to be taught in the home. Children are not being taught the importance of being abstaining. By the time a child becomes a teenager they are faced with the hard decision of falling in to the trap of peer pressure. Most teenage girls think that if you do not have sex with your boyfriend you will lose them. What they do not realize is that they run the risk of getting pregnant or contracting a sexually transmitted disease. In 2002 more than 80% of the teens having unprotected sex were getting pregnant each year. Most teens have unprotected sex because they unaware that they can go to free clinics and get several different types of birth control at no cost. Most clinics will also perform pregnancy tests as well as pap smears and regular physicals. Most teenagers are embarrassed to ask for birth control pills or condoms. The easiest form of birth control for girls is the pill. Girls must also understand that birth control only protects you as long as you are taking it, if you mss even one day, or do not take it at the same everyday you are still at risk for pregnancy. There are several other forms of birth control especially for girls there are female condoms, spermicidal lubricants, and the diaphragm. All of these can be purchased in the supermarket or given out at the free clinic For boys there is only one type of birth control, the condom is 92-99.7% effective. Condoms cost around twenty-five cents a piece and are given out at every free clinic by the hundreds. When used with the pill they are almost totally 100 % effective. Another form of birth control is the IUD (intrauterine device) this is one of the most effective types of birth control to date. With a success rate of 98% the IUD should be tr... Free Essays on Teen Pregnancy Unwanted Pregnancy Deciding not to continue with a pregnancy is a difficult and often painful decision to make, and not one that is made lightly. Often a lot of talking is needed before a woman can make her choice and be sure that the choice she makes is right for her. There are several professional organisations that can help such as Brook Advisory, British Pregnancy Advisory Service or The Family Planning Association and if you are thinking of terminating a pregnancy it is essential that you talk to a professional. In addition to speaking to professional counsellors, you must consult your GP, if you decide to have an abortion. In the UK it is legal for termination to be carried out up to 24 weeks of pregnancy but most hospitals and clinics will not consider termination beyond 18 to 20 weeks, so it is essential that you seek help as soon as you decide not to continue with the pregnancy. Before an abortion can be carried out two doctors need to sign a consent form agreeing that the woman’s health (physical or mental) will be damaged to a greater extent than if she proceeded with the pregnancy. Social factors are also considered when doctors are making their decision. The doctor will then carry out a pelvic examination on the woman to determine the stage of her pregnancy, and discuss the options for termination and the risks involved. The doctor will send this request to the nearest hospital or clinic, which will then make an appointment for the termination to be performed. Sometimes t... Free Essays on Teen Pregnancy Teen Pregnancy and Prenatal Testing Teen pregnancy is when a girl between the ages of twelve and nineteen become pregnant. Teen pregnancy is very common in young girls’ nation wide. Some girls become pregnant to keep a boyfriend. But in actual fact the choice is up to the boyfriend weather or not he wants to still be with the girl. Some girls get pregnant to feel loved by the baby, or because their friends have babies. Some girls have unplanned pregnancies because they risk having unprotected sex. Teen girls risk having low birth weight babies or, babies with abnormalities especially those who have a history of genetic diseases, or a known history of miscarriages. And, some young girls have very painful deliveries because the pelvis has not fully developed as yet. Many girls do not take the time out to find out about prenatal learning. They continue to use drugs in the earliest stages of pregnancy. Some girls may also have low birth weight babies because of nutritional reasons, not eating healthy or not eating enough. Following the advice of a professional physician during pregnancy provides the best prenatal care possible. Statistics of teen pregnancy. According to the National Survey of adolescent males (NSAM) in (1995) , many teenage males engage in unprotected sex. Several may use contraceptives responsibly but the contraceptives are not being used consistently. In some cases the after effect is a girl becoming pregnant. When she decides she wants to keep the baby, the transition of ‘girl’ now changes to ‘mother’ and the transition of ‘boy’ changes to ‘father’. One study (Sonenstein et al., 1997) Explains sexual experience by age in males. Some males choose to have no involvement with the expectant mother and fetus. On the other hand, some males become involved in the pregnancy. Just as the mother goes through physical changes such as gaining weight, morning si...

Academic Journal Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Academic Journal - Article Example On the other hand, the US Commercial Services identifies Saudi Arabia as the country with the fastest growing market in terms of security equipment and technology, especially surveillance cameras, consequently accounting for 12% of the world’s security equipments sales (qtd. in Alhadar and McCahill 317). With a look into the operations of surveillance camera system in Crescent Mall in Riyadh, this article addresses fundamental questions arising from the use of this technology in Riyadh and largely in Saudi Arabia. As noted by Marx, current surveillance â€Å"monitors not individual suspects, but geographical places, time periods and entire categories of persons† (qtd. in Alhadar and McCahill 325). However, this new surveillance takes a different perspective once religion and social morals take centre stage as proved Crescent Mall in Riyadh. In this regard, the main target of surveillance becomes men suspected of courting women instead of drug users and other social deviants in a western-like surveillance set-up. In addition, there is a theocratic approach when the surveillance targets those who do not attend prayers. Cultural norms and traditions shaped the response of the security systems in the mall. Case in point, a patrol security officer once directed by the surveillance operator to two elderly women sitting on the floor failed to take action on them since as Alhadar and McCahill noted, â€Å"Saudi cultural norms dictate that elderly people should be treated with respect and consideration† (322). In this case, traditional beliefs played an integral role regarding carrying out of surveillance. On the other hand, the attitudes of the observers played a crucial role in monitoring visitors at the mall especially the women who wore veils. The attitudes are of crucial importance since wearing veils did not prevent women from talking and interacting with men who were not their kin as the Saudi traditions and values

Employee Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Employee Relations - Essay Example The Union disagreed with the Company’s decision to use a different criteria of determining eligibility for promotion and transfers instead of the one agreed upon during the collective bargaining agreement. The third grievance was about a discriminatory action by the company on its allocation of the parking lots. The union argued that the plant workers were allocated the farthest lots from the entrance. 2. What sections of the Wagner Act are in question here? Explain In all the three grievances touched a number of Wegner act sections particularly with regard to the regulation of collective bargain agreement engagements. For example, section 8(a) 3 of the act prohibits employees against discriminatory acts such as assigning them less desirable conditions as was witnessed in the allocation of parking slots in the company. The section also stipulates that matters of promotion or transfers should be solely based on seniority, merit and other criteria of determining eligibility sign ed in the collective bargaining agreement (Budd, 234). In this regard the second grievance will also be handled using section 2 of the act. ... In my opinion, all the three grievances of the union against the company were genuine. In the first grievance, I would rule that the company breached the contract by making changes in the time schedules prior to a mutual agreement. In the second grievance, the company also violated the collective bargaining agreement by using different criteria of eligibility in giving a temporary transfer to a Janitor instead of Mr. Burn who best suitable according to the provisions of the collective bargain agreement. Finally, allocating park workers the farthest car park slots was also discriminatory since it ensured that the workers spent more time between the parking lot and their working stations and this reduced the amount of their monthly bonus. Case 2__ Does the Duty to Bargain Preclude Unilateral Wage Increases? In the case study, Winn Dixie Stores Company effected unilateral changes in the wages of the workers arguing that there was no impasse during the negotiations (Budd, 260). On the ot her hand, the Union’s position of argument was that the Company violated the provisions of section 8(a) 5 and 8(a)1 of Wagner act which states that it is an unfair labor practice for employers to refuse to bargain collectively with the employee representatives when making changes to the wage rates and other terms of employment. Questions 1. You are an administrative law judge who has to decide on this case. Which party do you agree with and why? As an administrative law Judge presiding over the case, I would support the position of the employee Union that the company’s action amounted to unfair labor practice as stated in section 8 of the

Environmental factors of substance abuse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Environmental factors of substance abuse - Essay Example But, unfortunately, this relief in pain is only temporary and in the long run the habit deepens the sense of suffering and pain than ever before. In this context, all individuals who were brought up in dysfunctional family environments are susceptible to addiction. Hence, the first environmental factor is the dysfunctional family of the person. In the case of Ellis, we learn that his father use to return home drunk and beat up Ellis’ mom or sometimes Ellis himself. This is a telling sign of chaos in the family and this is a significant environmental factor that leads to Ellis’s addiction to Heroin. The fact that Ellis started experimenting with alcohol and marijuana even before reaching his teens is a strong indicator that he will have problems in his adult life. And sure enough, a couple of years after the death of his father, his old habits had come to haunt him, this time in the form of heroin addiction. It is a recurrent pattern with most heroin addicts that they seek out drugs very early in life. Recent research suggests that alongside environmental factors, genetic factors also have a role to play. But the consensus among researchers is that social and environmental factors are more important than genetic factors in determining the vulnerability of an individual to succumb to substance addiction. Researchers also concur on the view that those with genetic predisposition to drug abuse and growing up in a dysfunctional family environment run a very high risk of addiction. It was also found that people living in violent and lawless neighborhoods have a greater chance of heroin addiction. This implicitly means that the socio-economic status is a strong environmental factor in assessing risk for heroin abuse. The therapeutic approaches to treating heroin addiction have proven quite successful. Since the addicts developed their addiction as a result of flawed conceptions of guilt, reward and

Inter-Professional Education in the Healthcare Sector

Inter-Professional Education in the Healthcare Sector Chapter 1 Introduction Health carers working in Malta are expected to work towards a patient-centred care and to communicate and collaborate in multidisciplinary teams even if they lack sufficient basic knowledge on the role of every team member. Sacco (2008) stated that there has to be effective team-working, communication and collaboration between professions for patients and their allied care to improve. He also stated that I.P.E. between the different professions is a way of attaining this team-work. Much has been written over the past few years on inter-professional education (I.P.E.) and its effect on the health care system. A lot of research and promotion have been conducted. However, Lumague et al. (2006) still believes that professional programs are still not giving the appropriate importance of I.P.E. in their curricula. According to Sacco (2008), I.P.E. was never used by any of the professions related to medicine in Malta, as a way of learning. Buttigieg stated (as cited in The Times of Malta, 2008) that â€Å"we still have a long way to go to be able to claim with confidence that interdisciplinary collaboration in teaching and research at our University is bearing the fruit that is becoming increasingly necessary in the world of today. Although the exercise was found to be very exhausting by the researcher, it was also an enriching experience and an introduction to the world of research. Provided that this was the authors first attempt to research, the study has helped her develop a better understanding of the research process. Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 The Current Healthcare System and the Present Situation at the FHS Sacco (2008) stated that in the present healthcare system, patients are looked after by Multidisciplinary Teams comprising an extensive range of healthcare and other professionals. Apparently, the FHS board is not fully aware of the benefits of I.P.E. and although a lot of lip service is presented to working as a Multidisciplinary Team (MDT), not much is truly done to promote it throughout the actual education (Sacco, 2008). Sacco (2008) argues that in Malta, although the medical profession is part of the MDT, little or no integration is happening throughout the undergraduate years. Furthermore, there has to be a clear distinction between ‘Common Core Learning and I.P.E. The terms should not be used interchangeably since they do not have the same meaning. Currently in Common Core study-units students are being taught together with other students from other divisions of the FHS, or other faculties within the University, which is the same as ‘multi-professional education as this involves learning the same content together side by side, which in turn should not be mistaken with I.P.E. (Sacco, 2008). The latter does not only comprise the subject matter, but it also involves the different roles of different professions and how professionals can work together towards a shared goal (Sacco, 2008). Health education was somewhat inward-looking, however, owing to the altering health services, has changed from being ‘mono-professional to ‘multi-professional, and then becoming ‘inter-professional (Sacco, 2008). 2.2 Background on I.P.E. The need for immediate improvement of human resources was recently emphasized by the World Health Report 2006 produced by the World Health Organisation, according to which, the world is short of 4.3 million doctors, midwives, nurses and support workers. This crisis was also recognized by the 59th World Health Assembly (2006), who demanded upgrading of the health personnel production through various methods which included ‘‘innovative approaches to teaching in industrialised and developing countries.   Furthermore, Gilbert (2005) pointed out that shortage of healthcarers in Canada were already reported in the Curtis Report, back in 1969, and the latter approved of : considerations for replacing the training program with a more advanced one, empathetic patient care, and increased collaboration and management in delivering healthcare. In addition to this, the requirement of numerous necessities of particular groups of facility users, the diversity of necessary service responses to these and the necessity for effective information exchange and discussion with regards to care planning and delivery, lead to the demand for cooperation between the health care professions and the social care professions, and health and welfare/ social care agencies (Towards Unity for Health, n.d.). Robson and Kitchen, (2007), also emphasised the importance of an effective interprofessional collaboration in order to provide the best healthcare possible. The necessity of health and social care professions working together more was already highlighted for a number of years (Department of Health, 1989, 1998, 2000).  Ã‚   The complexity of patient care is on the rise, thus effective cooperation between health and social care professionals is needed. However, evidence proposes that the latter two are not cooperating well with each other (Cochrane Review, 2002). Collaboration still poses several problems especially with interprofessional coordination and communication. In a study carried out by Robson and Kitchen, (2007), students thought that communication and interprofessional relationships are the key factors affecting collaboration. I.P.E. has long been supported to be a solution to the challenges which collaboration presents (WHO, 1988; Department of Health, 2000). However, although it is evident that I.P.E. initiatives within universities have many beneficits, there were doubts to how successful the development of such initiatives could be (Oxley Glover, 2002). The following are several problem issues that were identified by Brian ONeill (as cited in Oxley Glover, 2002): Finding placements, particularly for team experiences Differences amongst students with respect to knowledge they bring to the course, motivations for taking the course, and preferred learning styles Evaluation of outcomes Transferability of knowledge and skills to practice, and impact of interprofessional learning to practice. 2.3 Challenges to the Implementation of I.P.E. Research suggests that it is very important for the professionals to have knowledge on how to work, communicate and collaborate effectively and cross boundaries between professions for a better health care system. According to the Council for the Professions Complementary to Medicine (2006), â€Å"Physiotherapists should communicate effectively with registered medical practitioners, other health professionals and relevant outside agencies to provide effective and efficient service to the patient† (p. 2). Salvatori, Berry, and Eva (2007), reported that although barriers to implementing I.P.E. exist, the need to overcome them is critical if we are to keep pace with the changing healthcare system and better prepare health professional students for collaborative practice. A preliminary survey of I.P.E. found that, there is a wide variability when the term ‘interprofessional is interpreted and that there are many barriers to I.P.E. some of which are overloaded curricula in schools of health professions, faculty and administrations lack of support and also financial limitations (Rafter et al., 2006). Not all of the above had been successful where endeavored. Oxley and Glover (2002) stated that in their own research some participants felt that they had not benefited from inter-disciplinary work as the course were â€Å"too theoretical. On the other hand, most of the respondents felt that this work was successful owing to the inclusion of for example practical experience, work placements, and inter-professional projects. 2.4 What is the Best Time to Introduce I.P.E.? The best time to introduce interprofessional learning in higher education still remains debated (Horsburgh, Lamdin, Williamson, 2001). On the other hand, Yan, Gilbert, Hoffman (2007) stated that it is the time to take a step forward to an I.P.E. and collaborative practice.   Students themselves were found to be in favour of I.P.E. as early as possible that is in their first year of their course prior to the development of professional prejudice (Parsell, Spalding, Bligh, 1998; Horsburgh, et al., 2001; Rudland Mires, 2005) and stereotyping of other healthcare groups which may in turn have a negative impact on attitudes when it comes to collaborating interprofessionally (Hojat et al., 1997; Tunstall-Pedoe, Rink, Hilton, 2003; Rudland Mires, 2005). On the other hand, introducing I.P.E. early in the course may sometimes be useless when labeling has already been formed in the minds of those who are about to start the course. Rudland and Mires, (2005), reported that medical students start the course already knowing the main differences between the nurses and the doctors characteristics and backgrounds. For example medical students perception of the nurses is that they are more caring, have less social status, less competent and academically weaker than doc tors. According to Khalili Orchard (2008) currently the way healthcare students are learning and socialized is via a uni-disciplinary model, which in turn may lead to in-group and out-group behavior (The Social Contact Theory).   Learning about the roles and responsibilities of just ones profession leads to professional socialization which in turn might lead to professionals distrusting other professionals and forming myths of perceptions about them, thus professional socialization and lack of effective collaboration. Sacco (2008) stated that professional socialisation is more the training of medical students into developing as doctors and physiotherapy students into developing as physiotherapists, rather than preparing them to be able to become team members. Shared interprofessional learning may be a solution to this problem as professions come to appreciate roles and responsibilities of other professions. Thus, I.P.E. may be the key to more effective collaboration in the actual workpl ace. Furthermore, it would be ideal if knowledge, skills and attitudes would be passed on from the I.P.E. into the actual workplace, something that still has to be accomplished within Maltas health services (Sacco, 2008). Multiprofessional learning and education (now looked at as interprofessional) have been given great importance by the World Health Organisation (as being an important factor in primary health care) since 1978 in the Alma-Ata 1978 Primary Health Care Report and it was emphasized later in 1988, in their statement ‘Learning Together to Work Together for Health.   This initiative was also supported in many countries by other legislative and policy requirements such as ‘Learning together to work together (Department of Health, 2000) in the UK and the Inter-professional Education for Collaborative Patient Centred Practice Initiative, supported by Health Canada (Herbert, 2005). 2.5 Evidence Available to Support I.P.E. Hammick, Freeth, Koppel, Reeves, Barr (2007) states that there is limited evidence to support the proposal that learning together will aid practitioners and agencies to work better together. The effect of I.P.E. on the healthcarers work still needs to be re-examined since â€Å"there is no published evidence that I.P.E. promotes interprofessional collaboration or improves client relevant outcomes† (Zwarenstein et al., 2005). Campbell (2003) reported that most studies that he selected for his systematic review were deficient in their methodologic rigor. The review concluded that there was no convincing impact of I.P.E. in improving collaborative practice and/or health/well-being. On the other hand, evidence that suggests that interprofessional learning improves interprofessional collaboration is also available (Atwal Caldwell, 2002). Oxley and Glover (2002), maintain that there are benefits to I.P.E. for different stakeholders including employers, universities and students. For example the recruitment of a higher standard of graduate by employers will in turn have a positive reflection on the institute and its operators. According to the Commission on the Future of Health Care in Canada (2002), â€Å"If health care providers are expected to work together and share expertise in a team environment, it makes sense that their education and training should prepare them for this type of working arrangement.† Barr, et al. (2000) succinctly summarises the four main benefits I.P.E. can provide: Enhances motivation to collaborate Changes attitudes and perceptions Cultivates interpersonal, group and organisational relations Establishes common value and knowledge bases Hammick et al. (2007) found that I.P.E. is generally liked, allowing knowledge and skills needed for to work in collaboration to be learnt. Furthermore, staff development is the main impact on the effectiveness of I.P.E. and can help learners bring out the unique values about themselves and others (Hammick et al., 2007). When it comes to initiatives with regard to quality improvement, I.P.E. is effective in improving practice and services (Hammick et al., 2007). On the other hand, according to Zwarenstein et al. (2005), â€Å"there is no published evidence that I.P.E. promotes interprofessional collaboration or improves client relevant outcomes†. Thus, the need for more research on I.P.E. is needed. 2.6 Attitudes towards the Inter-Professional Teamwork and Education   There was an amount of studies carried out to gain more information regarding attitudes of healthcare students towards interprofessional teamwork and education. Such students tend to show positive attitudes towards I.P.E. (Tunstall-Pedoe, et al., 2003; Pollard, Miers, Gilchrist, 2004; Curran, Sharpe, Forristall Flynn, 2008). In a research study conducted by Lumagae et al. (2006), when it comes to patient care, interprofessional teamwork was approved by all the participants who all agreed that opportunities comprising their development of skills, attitudes and behaviours required for interprofessional collaboration should be involved in their healthcare education. Salvatori et al. (2007) also stated that â€Å"It is clear that students enjoyed their experience and perceived new respect and understanding of other professional roles and the potential for interprofessional collaboration in caring for patients† (p. 80). Most of such studies stated that there is a tendency that medical students and also postgraduate medical residents have significantly less positive attitudes towards interprofessional teamwork when compared to students from other healthcare professions (Hojat et al. 1997; Leipzig et al., 2002; Pollard et al. 2004; Tanaka Yokode, 2005). Attitudes of medical and nursing students towards interprofessional teamwork were studied and no significant difference was found between them two (Curran, et al., 2008). However, Curran et al. (2008) also found out that these two groups of students report significantly less positive attitudes towards interprofessional teams when compared to pharmacy and social work students. Curran et al. (2008) also reported that medical students significantly showed less positive attitudes towards I.P.E. when compared to nursing, pharmacy and social work students. Being a female and/or a senior undergraduate also showed more positive attitudes towards interprofessional teamwork and education (the latter being more significant especially with prior experience with I.P.E.). In this study, profession, gender and year also seemed to play a role in determining positive attitudes towards both interprofessional teamwork and education. On the other hand, Pollard et al. (2004) found that there were students who had viewed interprofessional collaboration negatively and they included mature students and those that had experience at university or of working in a health or social care settings. Curran et al. (2008), argues that although having previous experience in I.P.E. activities may not improve attitudes to it, participating in it may have more positive attitudes towards interprofessional teamwork. 2.7 Attitudes towards the Roles of their Own other Professional Groups Research has also tried to give answers with regard to students attitudes towards the roles of their own other professions. Tunstall-Pedoe, Rink, and Hilton (2003), argue that the overall attitude of students studying medicine towards students from other professions was less positive. In a study carried out by Hojat et al. (1997), medical students were found to have different attitudes from nursing students with regard to areas of authorities and power, including professional dominance and medical responsibilities in serving patients needs. Furthermore, Spence and Weston, (1995) maintains that nurses were more clear in their perceptions of competencies essential for medicine, than medical students were about competencies important for nursing.  Ã‚  Ã‚   It should be noted that literature review with regard to I.P.E. at the FHS was scarce and difficult to find.   Chapter 3 Materials Methodology 1 Introduction This chapter describes the planning and development of the research study. It also explains the underlying rationale for deciding on the studys structure. 3.2 Objectives of the Study It is not really known whether students of the Faculty of Health Sciences (FHS) and the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery (FMS) agree to the implementation of a new I.P.E. system at the FHS. The overall objective of the study was to understand whether students at the FHS and at the FMS know what I.P.E. is and to explore their opinions regarding the implementation or not of I.P.E. in the common curriculum at the FHS. The goals of the study were to: Explore the students understanding of the term I.P.E. Identify whether the students agree or disagree to the implementation of I.P.E. and I.P.E. study-units at the FHS, and if they agree, the study-units or areas of study they would like to see becoming inter-professional and at what stage of their course to implement it. Find out the students attitudes towards I.P.E. with regard to its benefits and challenges if any. Discover the students attitudes towards I.P.E. teams Discover the students attitudes towards other healthcare professions 3.3 Operational Definition of Terms Table 1 Illustrating the operational definition of terms. 3.4 The Research Design For the aims and objectives of the study to be addressed, the latter had to be descriptive, qualitative and thus, a non-experimental and explorative research design was considered to be the most suitable approach. One-to-one interviews were preferred to group interviews since in the former more personal information about the participant could be elicited (Carter, Lubinsky, Domholdt, 2011), the patient may feel more comfortable to speak in front of a person rather than in front of a group and thus giving more honest information especially when it comes to expressing his/her attitudes towards others. The interviews were carried out in-person, with the advantage of providing the best opportunity for building rapports and for observing the interviewees nonverbal cues (Carter, et al., 2011). 3.5 The Research Setting This study was conducted in Malta with the permission of the University of Malta. The University has a number of Faculties two of which being the FHS and the FMS, from which students were chosen to participate. The courses which fall under these faculties and which were included in the study can be found in Appendix F, wherein the numbers of students present in each division is also given. The participants had a say in the choice of the research setting, and preferred meeting at places most familiar and within reach to them including University of Malta areas, Mater Dei Hospital and at certain pharmacies, which were also within reach by the researcher. Carter, Lubinsky, and Domholdt (2011), suggest that the setting in which the research is carried out contributes greatly to an interviews success. The interviewer made sure to choose a setting which is familiar and comfortable to the interviewee, with special attention given to the environmental setting such as quietness to avoid interruptions, adequate lighting, room temperature, and comfortable and appropriate set-up of chairs to avoid building psychological barriers. Carter, Lubinsky, and Domholdt (2011), emphasized the importance of an appropriate introduction to an interview as this sets up the tone, affecting the rest of the interview. Furthermore, the researcher was aware of the body language at all times, keeping the appropriate distance, maintaining eye contact in line with cultural norms, showing interest and full awareness in what the interviewee was saying (by for example leaning forwards to him/her, nodding, smiling to funny comments that the subjects passed) and speaking clearly and at an adequate volume level. Attention was also given to choosing the appropriate type of clothing as in an interview the attire plays an important role. At the end of each interview, the interviewer made sure to thank the participant for his/her contribution to the research study in order to show appreciation and to indirectly help promote and encourage participation in future research. 3.6 Target Population In this study, the target population which is described as ‘the entire population in which a researcher is interested and to which he or she would like to generalize the study result (Polit and Beck, 2008, p. 767), included students from all the different divisions of the FHS and from the divisions of Pharmacy and Medical students which both fall under the FMS. When the researcher interviewed these students, the latter had already started their next scholastic year. The researcher staggered the interviews so as to gain more knowledge whilst completing the literature review and to be able to give the participants appropriate cues during the interviews. This helped the researcher to achieve better results because the cues given targeted the research question. A literature search of electronic databases including Ebsco, Cinahl and Pubmed was conducted between January 2009 and May 2011. The inclusion criteria for this study were: All the students whose course fell under the FHS or the FMS. Male or female Willingness to participate in the study. English speaking Students over 18 years of age. The study will be using undergraduate students opinions rather than post-graduate healthcarers opinions, as there is a lack of similar studies on the issue. The exclusion criteria for this study were as follows: Students who never had any clinical experience. Students who did not fell under University of Malta Those who did not want to participate. 3.7 Sampling Size and Methods Used to Choose the Sample Owing to time constraints, a method of convenience sampling was used to select a sample for the study, choosing easily accessible people who are in proximity to the researcher or who are willing to take part in the study (Castillo, 2009). This method is also the cheapest, simplest sampling form available and does not entail planning (Ellison, Barwick, Farrant, 2010). This type of sampling offers a fast attainment of preliminary information with regard to the research question being studied and is also inexpensive (Berg, 2004; Castillo, 2009). Students who satisfied the criteria were recognized and 31 people were chosen including 12 males and 19 females whose ages ranged from 19 to 46. The following is a proportion showing the total number of medical students, is to the total number of pharmacy students is to the total number of students from the FHS, respectively: 426: 196: 823. One student per 90 students for each FHS division was interviewed in order to have a representable sample . The researcher was aware that the selected subjects could not represent the entire population as to test the whole population it entails to interview an enormous amount of people and that would have taken an infinite amount of time to complete the study. The sampling was unrepresentative and did not offer statistical advantages (Ellison, et al., 2010). The sampling size was mostly determined by the available time and resources. The researcher tried to find a balance between depth and breadth of the interviews. The in-depth information obtained from the research population provided rich and valuable data. The researcher contacted subjects who satisfied the inclusion criteria of the study via e-mails or face-to-face, in order to set appointments for the interviews, and had to find a compromise between both her and the subjects availabilities. The researcher made sure that she would not disturb them. The researcher used stratified sampling to make sure that a particular sample, from the known population under study, is denoted in the sample (Berg, 2004). Furthermore, the use of stratified sampling also helped the researcher to access small subgroups within the population, allowing the researcher to examine the extremes of the population (Castillo, 2009). This known population was divided into strata, chosen according to literature support, from which samples were selected. The researcher had information on the population and was able to divide it into strata, for which a sampling fraction had to be applied, which represent proportions of the whole population (Berg, 2004). Qualitative research makes sure that informants are not manipulated in a certain way as would probably be typical in studies which are quantitative experimental, but, instead tries to access the informants viewpoints (Carter, et al., 2011).   3.8 The Research Instrument The interview guide had two parts, one of which included demographic data and the other part included fifteen open-ended questions. The latter produced the qualitative data. The intention of establishing a rapport with the interviewees was to make them feel more comfortable. Friendly light conversations, the use of sense of humour, and common conventions for example talking about weather conditions and about the surrounding environment helped to ease any tension built by the research situation and to start building a warm rapport. Furthermore, the researcher made sure that the interviewees had a say in the setting of the interview by asking them their preferred place, to augment comfort of the participant (Carter, et al., 2011). Moreover, the researcher made sure that the location chosen offered the least interruptions not to prevent limitations in conducting the interviews.   A self-preparatory semi-structured interview was the tool of the study (Appendix I). The clearest purpose of an interview is to collect information (Carter, et al., 2011). Questions were pre-designed prior to the interview and based on literature, yet, the format used in semi-structured interviews allows the researcher to elicit more information from the participant and to make questions more clear (Carter, et al., 2011). Berg (2004), characterized semi-structured interviews as being relatively structured, as being flexible both in wording and order of the questions, as being able to allow adjustments in the language level, as allowing the interviewer to give answers to questions and to make some clarifications if needs be, and as allowing the interviewer to add/remove probes (according to subjects). Carter, Lubinsky, and Domholdt (2011), pointed out that observation and interviewing skills were actually qualitative research methods seen regularly in clinical practice. As a physiotherapy student, the researcher was taught how to observe and assess patients thoroughly. This was an advantage to the researcher as she had already been gaining skills in observing and interviewing people prior to beginning the research study, thus, eliciting better and more reliable data. For example, being able to give relevant cues at the appropriate time during the interviews kept the interviews flowing. Carter, Lubinsky, and Domholdt (2011), stated that developing skills in interviewing when one is a student or a healthcare professional will transfer to a research study. The researcher made sure to try to elicit as much information as possible from the interviewees without putting them in an uncomfortable position. The latter was avoided by not asking too much of the participants, by selecting the right probing and cues, by showing an attitude of healthy curiosity and care, and by not judging them and keeping in mind that others have their values and opinions too. Any non-verbal communication noted was written as fieldnotes during the interviews and added to the transcripts. During the interviews the researcher followed a copy of the interview schedule in order to keep the interviewee on track and used probes to make it easier to elicit complete data from the interviewees (Berg, 2004). Probes were also used when the subjects used monosyllabic answers such as ‘yes or ‘no. ‘Uncomfortable silence was also used as a sign that the researcher expected to obtain more information. The interviewer also kept in mind to sound as natural as possible when asking questions and to remain neutral on the subject so as not to bias the participant by sharing personal judgments. Choosing facilitative techniques like providing utterances (for example ‘uh-huh), using ‘reflection by repeating some words of the interviewees utterance, ‘confrontation to point out certain physical evidence as the interviewee spoke (for example â€Å"I noticed you smiled when you told me that), ‘interpretation (for example ‘It sounds to me like youre not happy about that situation) were used to encourage the interviewees to continue (Carter, et al., 2011). Goffman (as cited in Berg, 2004) noted that people do not only learn to send or receive messages during their growth but also they learn how to avoid particular types of them. Goffman called this avoidance ‘evasion tactics. Berg, (2004) made it clear that although this has to be surmounted when conducting interviews, one has to be caref

College Athletes Should be Paid Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Essa

College sports are big business. For many universities, the athletic program serves as a cash-generating machine. Exploited athletes generate millions of dollars for the NCAA and their schools, and never see a dime. In terms of profit, if all ties with the university were eliminated, an athletic program acting as its own separate entity could compete with some fortune 500 companies. So, why do the vital pieces of the machine, the players, fail to receive any compensation for their performance? The answer lies in the money-hungry NCAA and their practice of hoarding all the revenue. College athletes should receive payment for their play to make their college experience more bearable because they create huge profits and have no other way to earn money during the year. Most college athletes are not wealthy and among the many rules imposed for these privileged individuals, they are not permitted to carry jobs, receive money, rewards, or any type of kickbacks from any sources other than family. The NCAA does not allow their athletes to hold jobs because the job issue has ramifications on recruiting. The NCAA believes some schools would have an unfair recruiting advantage over other schools. That one school could offer a recruit a better job opportunity than another. There is an issue that jobs in different locations would pay athletes different salaries. Life wouldn't be so hard for many of the student-athletes if they were permitted to hold jobs. But the NCAA does not permit scholarship players to be employed during the school year. During the summer, these athletes are forced to train, practice, and compete in order to keep their roster position. This leaves little time to earn money. The lifestyle of... ...e that over the past 23 years, the NCAA's total revenues have increased almost 8,000 percent and the NCAA's $1.7 billion contract with CBS for rights to the NCAA Tournament is bigger than any single professional sports deal, with any network. The non-profit in this case pertains to the athletes. Though a college education is important, the goal of college is to prepare yourself for your future profession. Many college athletes plan to join the professional ranks after college. However, some are forced to leave college early or even forgo college altogether because of their need for money. With giving student-athletes a small salary, such as the $5.40 an hour national minimum wage, more athletes would not have to miss their chance of a college experience. These people are not greedy; they are looking out for themselves. And they could use a little help.

Product of My Environment

Xavier Rodriguez Expos 101 Assignment # 3 F. D. Professor: Debra Keates 10/22/12 â€Å"What Means the World to You† What is important to someone varies from person to person. These things can be displayed in different forms and approached in various ways. This is seen within O’Brien, Stout and Fraser’s essays. O’Brien understands what inspires human connection and he manipulates the truth of his story in order to capture the attention and respect of others. He justifies his decision to distort his story based on the impact it has on the reader.For every author, O’Brien argues that the aim is to get one’s point(s) across; to bring attention to what matters the most to them. Regardless the category, this is done by expressing one’s objective with feeling and a sense of importance. In Caroline Fraser’s, â€Å"Rewilding North America,† she uses convincing evidence to prove to the reader that reserves and corridors promote the well-being of wildlife and humans alike. Similarly, Martha Stout has a biased opinion.Stout sets out to demonstrate to readers in â€Å"When I Woke Up on Tuesday Morning, It Was Friday† that counseling is important for clients who have experienced trauma by sharing individual client stories. The way people define truth and the information they provide can determine how others will evaluate the story. There are different ways to connect to a reader. The writer’s objective and the audience both influence these decisions. O’Brien’s storytelling method may involve embellishments that bend the truth rather than adhere to it.Had he authored either Fraser or Stout’s essays, the objective may have been the same, but the style would likely have been quite different. Within their respective essays, Fraser and Stout’s definitions of truth can be observed and interpreted. Both authors cite massive research projects, specific cases and general statistic s to communicate their theory. It would appear, that unlike O’Brien, both Fraser and Stout are more concerned with providing support for their story and/or objective. O’Brien did not bother with ensuring that his facts were correct, but rather that the message was clear.Facts and evidence, however, are very important components of Fraser and Stout’s â€Å"truths†. Fraser relies on scientific evidence to gain attention from her audience. While O’Brien may not disapprove of this method, he may see it as unnecessary. As she writes â€Å"In the United States, for example, deer-vehicle collisions alone occur up to one and a half million times each year, costing some two hundred lives and $8. 8billion annually; collisions also imperil the survival of twenty-one endangered and threatened species†(123).Another example of Fraser’s tendency to provide explicit scientific evidence is when she describes Fraser writes about the Banff Project scien tists and their impact on the concept of Rewilding as they collected â€Å"footage from cameras mounted on the underpasses [which show] bears and mountain lions approaching the wire cautiously, sniffing, and peering around† (123). The animals questioned the underpass at first, just as any creature would do when coming upon something unfamiliar. Shortly thereafter, â€Å"most of them burst over or under the wires, galloping off† (123).O’Brien would say that Fraser’s method of getting attention to her theory would be a great approach, however, if all that evidence is needed then his way to get through to people would not be relatable because to his own because he believes in simplicities and getting through to people with tantalizing and basic approaches such as emotions to capture the attention of people and his ability to tell a story and his way of articulating the facts or details. Regarding O’Brien’s argument that a piece of writing or a story should create an emotional connection, Fraser’s writing falls short.Fraser does make some attempts to build a feeling of empathy for the animals whose lives are positively impacted, as she writes â€Å"in 1993, Pluie lost her collar, which was found with a bullet hole in it. The wolf herself was shot dead two years later, along with her mate and several pups† (112). Even still as she integrates statistics and hard facts when she wrote â€Å"in the last 15 years or so, 27-percent of the known wolf deaths have been from the railway, and 60-percent were on the highway. Just 5-percent were natural†¦ The Bow Valley used to have three packs.Now it has one. In 1996, three of the four pups born to this pack were lost to the highway. The next year, none of the five pups born survived, and we know at least one was hit on the railway. During 1998, the pack had no pups and was down to three members† (112). In this segment, Fraser uses a specific story to draw in the reader and build a connection. However, these moments are too few and far between, as Fraser spends a good deal of the essay providing long descriptions of scientific theory and jargon relevant to her field.For example, Fraser spends five pages outlining the development of the term â€Å"ecosystem†, â€Å"equilibrium theory† and the consequent theory supporting the use of corridors and reserves, which she is generally supporting throughout her essay. Further she has a tendency to provide irrelevant and ridiculous amounts of detail, which loses the reader’s interest. For example, Fraser writes, â€Å"Conservation biology is a small world:† and she elaborates, â€Å"Michael Soule sat on the committee at the University of Michigan that supervised Newmark’s dissertation. The study percolated in Soule’s mind as went to his next job, at UC Santa Cruz.Sitting in his kitchen one day, Soule was talking to his friend Arne Naess, the Norwegian phi losopher who founded ‘deep ecology’†¦ † While these details may be an attempt to grab the reader’s attention, they have the opposite effect. O’Brien might describe Fraser’s approach as dry and fruitless. The author’s have various styles they attempt to use to get across to their audience, as is their technique. When compared to Fraser, Stout’s approach would be more favorable to O’Brien because there is less technicality used, less use of attempt to convince the reader that her topic of dissociation is fact and is somewhat curable.She uses interconnections to demonstrate her therapist to client bond. The method that she uses is relaxed and simple yet effective by exposing the way dissociation is triggered, and how it happens to everyone whether or not the individual realizes it or not. â€Å"Sometimes dissociation can occur when we are simply confused or frustrated or nervous, whether we recognize it or not† (S tout 384). After her clients get an understanding they begin to feel and get a better sense of the things that matter to them and are more important them by working to get a grasp on the things which are simpler to connect with.Stout convinces people that her evidence is true by walking through alongside her patients in defining lost memories and times and situations and fills in the gaps necessary in order to help her clients feel closure, happy( satisfaction) and free. Allowing them to function with a more clear mind. She sees the way people are deeper than what is seen on the surface and have the ability to do the same things as anyone else can. Stout says, â€Å"All human beings have the capacity to dissociate psychologically, though most of us are unaware of this, and consider â€Å"out of body† episodes to be far beyond the boundaries of our normal experience.In fact, dissociative experiences happen to everyone and most of these events are quite ordinary† (388). Due to dissociation being an occurrence that is not identified with ease, the majority of society does not recognize that we all in fact dissociate. When it comes to straightforwardness, a person can be sincere but not report the truth due to naivety or in order to try to get a deeper meaning. O’Brien states, â€Å"In any war story but especially a true one, it’s difficult to separate what happened from what seemed to happen† (71). The truth is not out in the open and is hidden. This in turn plays on the accuracy of an experience.When retelling an experience, the sequence of events has to be objective or have an unbiased view. Often unbiased or objective views can be lost. O’Brien uses the statement â€Å"true war story† throughout his essay. The use of the word â€Å"true† causes the essay to have a biased view Stout’s ability tot be effective and connect with the reader is kept at a strong tempo when she gives strong interesting and powersfl insights How effective is Stout at connecting with the reader? If she is effective, find an example of a time in which she is. In Stout’s essay, she writes how â€Å"we can go somewhere else.The part of consciousness that we nearly always conceive as the ‘self’ cannot be there for a few moments, for a few hours and in heinous circumstances for much longer† (p 388). Everyone has moments where they go somewhere else in their own heads to cope or protect themselves from a situation, being distracted by something, mentally escaping into a film at a movie theater, or getting lost in a day dream are all little examples of how ordinary and everyday individuals dissociate. Add something about use of language. How does O’Brien use language? How about Fraser? Stout? What might O’Brien think of their uses of language? Examples: O’Brien use metaphors? artsy, elaborate descriptions? Fraser: scientific language? dry at times? Stout: person al anecdotes? also vivid descriptions? † Both authors illustrate the problems that animals and humans face and the ways they go about coming to conclusions and solving situations and problems. The role that language plays in determining truth to O’Brien, is the studies and usage of the manmade effects have on animals and what gets into the minds of humans. Fraser and Stouts style of writing differ from O’Brien’s by one (Stout) using counseling and the other (Fraser) using convincing evidence.Stout uses counseling as a means to support her assessments of her clients individual case. As Fraser uses convincing evidence in order to support her promotion of resources and corridors as being beneficial to both animal and humas. Fraser motivates people to act In â€Å"Rewilding North America,† by writing about the development of the concept of rewilding, a conservation method designed to save species from extinction by restoring â€Å"connectivity† i n nature, â€Å"holding out the hope and promise that [through this project] humanity could heal the environmental damage that had already been done† (119).Her evidence is adequate proposed solution to a problem must be tangible and realistic. Rewilding encompasses both aspects exactly. Another reason why rewilding has a better chance for success is the fact that it is natural. The combination of these three aspects makes rewilding the favorable and more effective solution to eliminating animal suffering Animals roamed planet Earth for nearly 600 million years prior to the appearance of the genus Homo. During all that time, many creatures and species came and went. By and large they evolved, disappeared and became extinct all due to nature, geography, environment and natural events.Animal extinction is a natural process, but nonetheless the rate has heightened because of mans’ interaction with animals. Humans tend to cause our wild animal neighbors much more trouble th an they do to us, as each day we invade thousands of acres of their territories while destroying their homes. These crises occurring in nature beg for humans to do something to eliminate or lessen the foreseen calamities. Caroline Fraser, in the essay â€Å"Rewilding North America† provides what can be appreciated as a balance between the latter two potential solutions.She explains the concept of rewilding, a large-scale conservation method aimed to restore and provide connectivity between animals and humans. The idea of rewilding is a marriage between synthetic biology and interspecies empathy because it constructively encompasses aspects from both approaches. Rewilding is a feasible solution to eliminate animal suffering that is not only natural but also is a tangible and realistic one, in comparison to the ideas of stout and o’brien. Rewilding is an appropriate solution to the problem of species extinction because it is primarily a natural process.Rewilding, like mo st natural processes, does not affect animal’s lives in any significant negative way. Fraser writes about Banff Project scientists and their impact on the concept of Rewilding. They collected â€Å"footage from cameras mounted on the underpasses [which show] bears and mountain lions approaching the wire cautiously, sniffing, and peering around† (123). The animals questioned the underpass at first, just as any creature would do when coming upon something unfamiliar. Shortly thereafter, â€Å"most of them burst over or under the wires, galloping off† (123).O’Brien would say that Fraser’s method of getting attention to her theory would be a great approach, however, if all that evidence is needed then his way to get through to people would not be relateable because to his own because he believes in simplisties and getting through to people with tantalizing and basic approaches such as emotions to capture the attention of people and his ability to tell a story and his way of articulating the facts or details. One patient in particular, named Julia, is a successful producer of documentary films.As a child, Julia underwent child abuse and was skillfully able to remove herself from the horrific situations. The trauma Julia experienced as a child causes her to dissociate now as an adult yet, she carries her life as anyone else would. â€Å"I met her when I she was thirty-two, and an intellectual force to be reckoned with. A conversation with her reminds me of the New York Review of Books, except that she is funnier, and also a living breathing human being who wears amethyst jewelry to contrast with her electric auburn hair† (Stout 385).From the description given by Stout in her essay, Julia does not fit into the category that society has placed her in. She overrides the stereotypes and labels because she is not any different from what society perceives as â€Å"normal. † She is intelligent and successful; everything soci ety wants her to be but for some reason she is perceived otherwise. Patients like Julia commonly experience dissociation more severely because of the traumatic experiences they have been through. Why should someone who dissociates, and receives therapeutic assistance to confront their issues, be perceived in society as being different from someone who does not?Dissociation should not negatively categorize its victims, but rather serve as a common ground between people because all people dissociate. â€Å"We can go somewhere else. The part of consciousness that we nearly always conceive as the ‘self’ can not be there for a few moments, for a few hours, and in heinous circumstances, for much longer† (Stout 388). Everyone has moments where they go somewhere else in their own head to cope or protect themselves from a situation. Being distracted by something, mentally escaping into a film at a theatre, or getting lost in a day dream are all minuet examples of how ordi nary, everyday individuals dissociate.Dissociation is an obstacle that Stout’s patients encounter on a day to day basis, and, unfortunately, classifies them in society to be â€Å"abnormal. † Society has a picture of what â€Å"normal† is supposed to be; but what makes one individual more â€Å"normal† than the next? While Stout’s patients are looked upon negatively as being strange because they dissociate; they are no different from a man who enjoys a film at a theatre. â€Å"This perfectly ordinary man is dissociated from reality. Effectively, he is in a trance.We might label his perceptions as psychotic, except for the fact that when the movie is over, he will return to his usual mental status almost instantly. He will see the credits. He will notice that he has spilled some popcorn, although he will not remember doing so† (Stout 388). Someone who society would categorize as a â€Å"normal man,† experiences an example of what Stout ’s patients bear regularly. The film watcher is in no contrast with Julia, or any of Stout’s other patients; therefore, society has misinterpreted what is considered the norm.Stouts essay would be evaluated using o† brien’s definition of truth by agreeing in the wyas that there are many times that people allow their minds to drift and take over. Imagination is what O’Brien uses and the imagination of these characters are what allow them to face and deal with their traumatic experiences and allows them totake stances in their places that may or may not be realistic. She uses language by its literal form in human communication with her clients, talking and assessing what they lack and how they is a solution through language and rehearsal processes assist in one having an ability to adapt to normalisity.This is like o’briens as he is most effective with speaking and using language and mind as his tools to paint pictures to the stories he makes. These two are more natural and effective and simplistic yet powerful. When frasers compared to the authors approaches she takes more of a scientific stance as to where she provides evidence and actual facts from her discoveries. Stout says, â€Å"I believe that most of us cannot know what we would do, trapped in a situation that required such a seemingly no-win decision† (382).Stout’s patients are wrongfully perceived as â€Å"insane†, yet no one has bothered to put themselves in their position. Dissociation experienced at the caliber that Stout’s patients do, is normal to them. What society perceives as â€Å"normal,† and what Stout’s patients perceive as normal, is identical because Stout’s patients see themselves that way. Dissociative episodes are what they have been experiencing for most of their lives; therefore, it is what they see as the norm and society should not reprimand them for that. â€Å"A True war story is never mora l.It does not instruct, nor encourage virtue, nor suggest models of proper human behavior, nor restrain men from doing the things they have always done. If a story seems moral, do not believe it† (347). In short, it gives you a view of how to take in the war story. It differs from the usual happy and uplifting war story and gives a realist and somber approach to reading a war story. The following will explain the importance of this passage and how it relates to the short story. Reason why he wouldn’t agree with fraser. â€Å"True war stories do not generalise. They do not indulge in abstraction or analysis;.For example: war is hell. As a moral declaration the old truism seems perfectly true, and yet because it abstracts, because it generalizes, i can’t believe it with my stomach. Nothing turns inside. It comes down to gut instinct. A true war story, if told truly, makes the stomach believe† (O’Brien, p. 274). * In â€Å"Rewilding North America†, Fraser mentions a man named Harvey Locke, and how he said â€Å"I choose those words, ‘Yellowstone to Yukon,’ because they’re deep symbols in peoples brains. If I say those words in Stuggart, Germany, in Toronto, in new York, or in Tokyo, everybody knows what I’m talking about† (Fraser 121).He was talking about the title of his catch phrase because it would grab the attention of people who shared a common interest. He knew that there were people who would be interested in â€Å"Y2Y† because they shared a common concern that mattered to them when it involved rewilding animals. Similarly, in her essay, Martha Stout writes about a conversation she was having with a woman named â€Å"Julia† and how she had asked, â€Å"do other people remember those things, about their teachers, and going to their graduation, and learning to drive and so on? (Stout 387). Meaning the way other people think about situations that have occurred in their p asts. Things that were at some point so important, things that mattered to them, at least in those years of age and time. The process that pertains to what matters comes in all forms. In Fraser’s excerpt she was talking about the sciences and how the topic of concern would have the ability to bring awareness to her idea of restoration.There are other ways like in Stouts, she being the psychologist who works with clients, discusses and rehearses situations alongside her clients in order to recover what was supposed to be significant and have some level of importance at one stage in her client’s life. In these cases the process of restoration. There are unlimited topics of discussions which coincide with interpersonal relationships like the ones that Tim O’Brien attempts to establish by using war as the main topic, something that has long time been a concern of people.Something that he knows will draw people in and make them invest their time and feelings into wha t matters to him. However, each individual designs their stories from past and present experiences differently. There is a diverse level of severity and truth. Things that really happened and things that could have happened and how story tellers fill in those gaps, is completely up to their discretion. In â€Å"how to tell a true war story,† O’Brien writes, â€Å" you can tell a true war story by the questions you ask.Somebody tells a story, let’s say, and afterward you ask, ‘is it true? ’ and if the answer matters, then you’ve got your answer† (p276). In O’Brien’s story he writes a letter to his fallen friends relative. In it he goes into great detail that is both deep and disturbing. He mentions both the ways â€Å"Lemon† was a person he has deep love for and the gruesome ways his life ended. The truth came out towards the end after what mattered to him was not reciprocated by Lemons sister, which left a gap, a p lace of question to the person who leaves the questioner questioning.This then makes him give up in a sense, as if he were to break down which ironically is done mainly by his own accord because there was never a simple response to his letter of make believe. There are many things that happen in all our lives both good and bad and these things contribute to who we are, the ways we communicate and how we communicate, how we present ourselves and go about every day life. These things make us aim to make what matters to us a factor and a reality when it comes to achieving.What matters in each individuals life of course varies. There are times when what matters becomes something that is shared by many, creating a movement, like in Fraser’s Rewilding how there was a problem she assisted in shining light into the problem and successfully there was others who began to share the importance of restoring wildlife. In Marta Stout’s story creating an ability to connect the missing parts of her clients’ lives contributed to a better life. What mattered to her was helping her patients get a grip on their mental stabilities.Then there are some who some, when thought about can seem selfish because what matters to them is how they feel on account of others and in the process if others get left in question to fulfill what matters. In all the stories there was something of importance to the writer, something that mattered at some point enough to write about it. Sometimes those things are not relevant or seem to be when first thought about, but then many stories are designed to the knowledge of the person whose captivated your attention and sometimes afterward you might ask, ‘is it true? and if the answer matters, then you’ve got your answer† so O’Brien says. As long as the things that are being exchanged consist with a level of importance it does not matter how real or how fake it may be. What matters is the lessons learned, the com munication and the processes that go into exchanging. As long as you know what you believe and know, truth will always be left for your decision to what is and is not true.